Logic
logic就是knowledge base中的sentences組成的集合。也可以說他是一個語言,語法(syntax)就是定義完整的sentences,語意(semantics)就是某個sentence的真偽或意義。logic可以透過syntax inference導出新的sentence,而透過semantics可以知道兩個sentences之間是否有邏輯關係,稱為logical entailment:
Propositional logic
這是最簡單的邏輯語言,所謂的proposition就是一個true or false statement。有最基礎的atomic propositions,也有包含atomic propositions的compound propositions。proposition舉例:
- 2+2=4 是一個"true" proposition
- 如果Wumpus在square (1,3)的話,則W1,3 是一個"true" proposition
- If a then b 是一個proposition,至於是true or false那要看陳述是否為真
剩下的又懶得打字了 @@
另外又講到了truth table,總之就是簡單的邏輯學就對了。
Logical equivalence
如果兩個propositions稱為logical equivalene,如果他們的truth table一模一樣。我們寫成以下符號:分配律
常常忘記:Tautology, Contradiction, Contingency
tautology: truth table每一欄為真的proposition, 就是廢話contradiction/fallacy: truth table每一欄為假的proposition, 就是假話
contingency: 不是tautology也不是contradiction。
Implication all that stuff
p ->q 其定義為:
Iff (biconditional):
Inference (modus ponens)
邏輯學中強大的運算子就是inference,其中一種最基本形式叫做modus ponens,寫成以下形式,中間那條線就是implication:意思是 if p is true, and if p implies q is true, then q is true
可以寫成boolean expression:
若用truth table看,可以證明。
modus ponens可以延伸成compound proposition版本:
這稱為Horn clauses。
Inference (modus tollens)
另一種形式的inference稱為modus tollens:其實這就是modus pollens的變形,因為modus pollens可以得出 not q implies not p,只是寫成以上而已。
Inference Rules
addition的意義就是如果p是true, 則p和任何q disjunction (logical OR) 的composition也是true。其餘類似。
Search Data Structures
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